A: The registered reports model has researchers submit detailed protocols for peer review before any experiments are conducted. The methods, hypothesis and background are peer reviewed prior to data collection. If the article is accepted, the journal guarantees the publication of the article irrespective of the significance of the results.

A: In 2022, countries in Latin America have engaged in significant subsidies of fossil fuels in response to inflation. For example, substantial subsidies have been implemented in Ecuador (worth 0.8% of GDP) and Mexico (worth 1% of GDP) and Peru has cut taxes on fuel (equal to around 0.9% of GDP).

C: Downstreaming is where a country bans the export of raw materials to force global firms to invest and build factories within the country.

A: Soulbound Tokens (SBTs) are digital identity tokens that represent the traits (eg, good communicator, dishonest), features, and achievements (eg, university degree) that make up a person or entity. SBTs are issued by “Souls,” which represent blockchain accounts or wallets, and cannot be transferred.

A: You are the captain of the Wales national team of football. Previously, you had publicly announced that you will be wearing the "One Love" armband in the World Cup against its rules, which exhibits support for the LGBTQ+ movement, in unity with 7 other nations in Europe. However, after FIFA's announcement that such an act may cause the player to be booked or sent off, all teams have reversed their previous decision. You will play your second game of the Group Stage in a couple of hours.

A: Manne's Program in Economics for Federal Judges was a program offering economics instruction to federal judges so that they could incorporate economic reasoning into their judgements. This looks like understanding cost-benefit analyses in understanding incentives for committing crime and Coase's Theorem for the allocation of property rights. It was a 2-3 week course and often included lectures from world famous economists like Milton Friedman. Both conservative and liberal judges attended this program with notable attendees being Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Clarence Thomas.

B: The Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal (CFA) exercises ultimate judicial power over Hong Kong. However, the Chinese Government has previously, on rare occasion, overturned the CFA’s rulings.

The CFA appoints a number of top foreign judges from other common law jurisdictions (e.g. UK, Australia) to adjudicate cases alongside Hong Kong’s domestic judges. The foreign judges have historically exercised a large amount of influence over the development of Hong Kong Law.

Three foreign judges have recently resigned in response to China’s National Security Law. The majority of foreign judges remain.

C: A citizens' assembly is a body consisting of randomly-selected citizens who conduct participatory deliberation on a given political issue. Citizens' assemblies are provided with specialist advice and are overseen to ensure they remain independent. In 2019 and 2020, France conducted a citizens' assembly, termed the Citizens' Convention for Climate, where 150 randomly-selected, demographically-representative citizens were tasked with crafting climate policy, which Emanuel Macron largely committed to implement.

A: A "pandemic amnesty" is a call to move on from the debates that occurred during the pandemic and to no longer place blame for policies implemented (eg, school closures, vaccine rollouts).

B: Since roughly the 1960s, there has been a gradual shift in the average education level of voter demographics for different political parties in democracies across the world. In the mid-twentieth century, the richest and most educated voters typically voted conservative while poorer, less educated voters tended to vote for social democratic/labour parties. While it is still true that the richest voters vote conservative and poorer voters vote progressive, more highly educated voters now tend to be more left-wing. One explanation for this trend is that rates of education attainment have gone up, meaning that education is no longer closely associated with elite voters. This trend has seen relatively less-educated voters vote in increased numbers for right-wing populists like Donald Trump.

B: There are two main types of social housing policies. Public housing involves the government directly owning and managing affordable housing. Community housing involves the subsidised provision of housing via non-government organisations, such as companies and community groups.

C: Degrowth involves a planned decrease in the size of economic production and consumption occurring within a given economy (often measured via GDP). It could involve the prioritisation of less emissions intense industries, heavy taxes or limits on emissions, shorter work weeks, and voluntary reductions in consumer spending.

A: There are two general approaches to urban planning with respect to peripheral areas of large cities (e.g. Campbelltown ❤). The 'three cities' approach involves developing peripheral areas to be their own, separate hubs, with most people within the area working there. The 'CBD' approach involves investing in greater connectivity between peripheral areas and the true city centre.

C: Degrowth involves a planned decrease in the size of economic production and consumption occurring within a given economy (often measured via GDP). It could involve the prioritisation of less emissions intense industries, heavy taxes or limits on emissions, shorter work weeks, and voluntary reductions in consumer spending.

A: The European Union has recently voted to establish the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, which will place a levy on carbon-intense goods being imported from outside of the EU. It applies to the importation of various goods (e.g. cement, iron and steel, fertilisers, plastics, electricity) and will assess both the direct and indirect emissions embedded in the production process of the goods.

C: "Just transition" rhetoric refers to economic transitions away from emissions-intense industries that attempt to account for social justice, for example by providing guaranteed jobs for workers who lose their jobs due to decarbonisation. Currently, a just transition is conceived as a transition away from fossil fuels extraction and combustion.

B: Introvert' Catholics believe that the Church should remain discrete from the modern, secular world, keeping as close to tradition as possible, and being actively-countercultural. 'Extrovert' Catholics see the Church as responding to the needs of the world, and are more tolerant of making doctrinal change to align with changing social values. Pope Francis is very much an 'extrovert'.

A: An Advance Care Directive (ACD) is a legal document in which a person of sound mind specifies what actions should be taken for their health if they are no longer able to make decisions for themselves (because of illness or incapacity). Doctors are legally required to uphold the instructions of an ACD, irrespective of their professional medical opinions.

C: "In the beginning the Universe was created. This has made a lot of people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move."
- Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy